高中地理学习方法系列:(十)必修一学习指南

必修一学习的重点是对自然现象发生过程的理解和规律的探索,并探讨它们在实际生产生活中的应用。 通过学习能帮助我们建立宏观的空间概念,培养形象思维和理性思维能力。

1. 心理准备

有些同学在自然地理方面已具备了良好的基础,所以学习起来相对轻松。但是,对大多数同学来说,我们需要有迎接挑战的勇气和取舍的智慧。

积极迎接挑战

自然现象发生过程的学习对我们的空间想象能力提出了前所未有的挑战。不仅如此,还要求你通过理性的分析,把原来头脑里模糊的形象认识提升成为高级的形象思维。你需要一个问题接一个问题地去思考,一幅图接一幅图地去揣摩,一点一点地去构建。只要你积极地参与其中,迎接一个又一个的挑战,就能体验一次又一次的成功,最终享受思维上的飞跃。

坚持就是胜利

必修一册,尤其是第一章中的地球运动产生的昼夜长短和正午太阳高度的计算、第二章中的气候、天气等,是我们每天都会接触到的自然现象。因此,在学习的过程中教师肯定会把某些现象改编成问题,让你借用课本上的基本规律或方法去分析,这是我们巩固所学,加深理解的基本途径,也是学习的最终目标。 你在分析和解决这些问题时会有很大的收获,有时会豁然开朗,感觉学习如此快乐。但是,你也会经常在某个问题上卡壳,甚至在你一次又一次绞尽脑汁之后还是没有办法突破。这时,你不妨暂时把这个问题放弃,轻松上阵,让自己的大脑像干涸的大地吸收水分一样去吸纳新的知识,继续以饱满的热情去迎接新的挑战。毕竟,在某一学科上达到一定的高度既需要集中的大量的思考,更需要一段时间的沉淀和内化。课堂学习的关键是掌握基本的规律和方法,并尝试着去运用。只要这些都做到了,并坚持走下去,最终会学好的。

2. 学法建议

学习之前,我们可能对某些现象或规律已经有了一些客观或主观的认识,课堂学习的作用在于借用一些基本的理论和手段,通过理性的分析,把这些认识的级别提升,让这些认识变成科学的、可发展的、实用的。所以,同学们应该对我们所要借用的理论、手段和一般分析过程有所了解和准备。

高中地理是一门综合性很强的实用性学科,我们所要借用的理论来自很多学科,必修一册中,我们经常会用到的有:数学中的球面几何,边角关系等;物理学中的热学,圆周运动,力学,水的三态相变等;化学中的物质组成及水的溶解作用等。

由于某些过程和现象过于宏观或久远,单凭语言的描述又很难让认识形象直观,所以我们经常会借助一些教具来帮助认识。学习第一章时,我们最常用的就是地球仪,除此之外,包括在其他章节,我们要经常借助于多媒体进行动态演示和现象展示。最后,就是教师自制的一些简易教具,同时,还会鼓励同学们在日常生活中去发现和制作学具,帮助自己理解问题。

有了以上准备,我们就可以走进课堂了。在课堂上,我们应如何去思考和理解问题?例子如下:

案例:渔场的形成及分布

渔场的形成和分布是洋流对地理环境影响的一个方面。知道并会解释世界主要渔场的分布也是我们必备地理常识的一部分。对于渔场的形成,我们都有一些直观的认识:“大鱼吃小鱼,小鱼吃虾米,虾米吃鯔泥”。也就是说,鱼多的地方,肯定鱼类的饵料非常丰富。

有了这一点直观的认识,我们就可以借用生物学中的食物链知识来分析渔场的形成了。鱼类的饵料一般是海水中的浮游生物,其中浮游动物又以浮游植物为食,而浮游植物的多少取决海水中营养盐分和太阳光照的多少,二者缺一不可。

那么,太阳光照和营养盐分在海水中又是怎么分布的呢?大家知道,海水的透光性很差,太阳光照随海水深度的增加迅速递减,即太阳光照集中分布在海水的表层。而营养盐会增大海水密度,容易下沉。所以,下层海水营养盐份含量高。这样看来,二者的空间配置不佳,不利于浮游植物的繁殖。由于太阳光在海水中的分布规律是不会改变的,这就说明哪里的营养盐能够上升到表层,哪里就有利于鱼类繁殖。(如图)

高中地理必修一学习方法

什么情况下营养盐分会上升呢?同学们,这时就要用到我们所学的洋流知识了。从海水运动来看,两种情况下营养盐会上泛:寒暖流交汇,海水受到扰动,营养盐上泛;盛行离岸风的海区,表层海水被吹走,近岸海平面下降,下层海水上升补偿,带动营养盐上泛  。这样,去解释四大渔场的成因并记住他们的位置就没问题了。

需要特别注意的是:由于大西洋与北冰洋之间由多条水道相通,所以南下寒流较多。 其中,西岸的拉布拉多寒流与北上暖流相遇形成纽芬兰渔场,而在大洋东岸,北上的北大西洋暖流与南下冷海水相遇,形成了北海渔场。由于太平洋仅通过白令海峡与北冰洋相通,冷海水南下渠道较少,则只在西岸形成了一个较大渔场 — 北海道渔场。

另外,如果你爱动脑筋,还会有更多的发现: 比如,南半球澳大利亚西海岸、非洲西海岸等海区,在洋流流向、盛行风向等方面与秘鲁海区十分相似,所以这些海区也是较大的渔场;大江大河的入海口,河水带来大量泥沙,富含营养盐,加上浅海地区光照充足,也会形成大的渔场,像我国的舟山渔场等。

总之,在近海的大陆架海区渔场的分布是广泛而有规律的 , 具体分布见下图 :

以上课例的学习,我们都是从生活经验或直观印象出发,借用相关准备知识,进行理性分析,最终总结出一般或特殊规律。当然,最后还要把规律落实到图上,记住了空间分布,才算完成了地理知识的学习。把以上共性的方法总结如下:

一、 热爱大自然,学会观察,用心观察 生活中的自然现象。

二、相信知识是相通的,敢于并善于运用你已经掌握的知识。

三、重点学会推理,并能验证自己的推理是否科学。

四、学会总结规律,让认识更加条理 。

五、不要忘了记忆,而且是落实到图上的记忆,这直接影响到你的考试成绩。

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吾爱地理 » 高中地理学习方法系列:(十)必修一学习指南
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