高中地理学习方法系列:(九)生活中学地理

生活中学地理

要学好地理,不仅要学好书本知识,掌握基础知识和基本技能,还要特别注意联系生产生活实际,在生活中学习地理,学习对生活有用的地理。将我们所学到的书本知识运用到社会生产和实践活动中去,使所用的知识在实践中得到巩固和深化,同时也可以增强你学习地理的兴趣。

在同学们的日常生活中,存在着许多的地理问题;同时,当今社会中的许多热点问题,如人口、资源、环境、可持续发展等,也与地理环境密切相关。我们要有一双善于观察的眼睛,有一个勤于思考的头脑,注意观察生活中的地理现象,要善于发现身边的地理问题,用所学的地理知识去指导自己的生活实际,解释生活中的地理现象;探究生活中的地理问题,就会学到更多的地理知识。

  1. 注意观察地理现象,在生活中学习地理知识。

例如天象观测。我们知道月亮有时象一个圆盘,而有时又呈现月牙形。我们就可以亲自观察一下月相是怎样变化的,变化有什么规律;当然有兴趣的同学还可以进一步探究月相产生变化的原因。在晴朗的夜晚,我们还可以观看天空中都有哪些星座,平常人们所说的北斗星、牛郎星、织女星、北极星在哪里?哪儿有银河?晚上 8 点钟与 9 点、 10 点,我们头顶上的星座是否相同?

  1. 用所学的地理知识去解释生活中的现象

现在正值六月,六月的石家庄是华北地区的高温中心,天气又干又热,这是为什么?我们学过海拔每升高 100 米,气温下降 0.6 ℃,相反,海拔每降低 100 米,气温就会升高 0.6 ℃,石家庄位于太行山东面的华北平原,来自西北方向的气流在顺太行山东坡下沉的过程中增温,同时湿度越来越小,空气越来越干燥,这样就使正在初夏增温过程中的石家庄更加干热。

细心观察也会发现,人们的许多生活习惯与地理环境有着密切的关系。

( 1 )南涝北旱:我国属于东亚季风气候,年降水量从东南沿海向西北内陆递减。南方不仅雨季历时长,而且由于夏秋季节降水集中,因而常常出现洪涝灾害。而华北、西北降水较少,再加上垦殖、放牧过度,蓄水抗旱能力差,所以面临严重的 “ 水荒 ” 。

( 2 )南米北面:我国南北方的饮食习惯不同。南方人爱米饭,北方人喜面食,其实这与南北方的农业生产结构不同有关。我国南方的气候高温多雨、耕地多以水田为主,所以当地的农民因地制宜种植生长习性喜高温多雨的水稻。而我国北方降水较少,气温较低,耕地多为旱地,适合喜干耐寒的小麦生长。所谓 “ 种啥吃啥 ” ,长此以往,便养成了南米北面的饮食习惯。

( 3 )南船北马:我国古代的交通运输方式是南方以船为主,北方以马为主。其原因是南方气候湿润,降水丰富,地表河网密布,因此为适应 “ 水乡 ” 的船舶运输便应运而生。而北方多干旱、半干旱气候,草场广布,畜牧业发达,马匹除了提供乳肉产品外,又以其耐力好、速度快而被北方人民驯化为代步工具,成为北方大地的交通工具。

( 4 )南尖北平:我国居民屋顶的坡度从南往北是逐渐减缓的。南方屋顶高而尖,原因是南方的年降水量大,气候又炎热,高而尖的屋顶利于排水,北方由于降水较少,所以屋顶多建成平顶,这样既可节省建筑材料,还可兼作晾晒作物的场所。

( 5 )南矮北高:就人口的生物学特征而言,我国南方人矮,北方人高。据统计,我国东北、华北地区的男子平均身高为 1.693 米,云贵川地区则是 1.647 米。从南北方的气温差异来讲,由于南方气候炎热,人体的新陈代谢速度较快,生殖器官发育快、成熟早,生命周期短,因而身材大多不高。而北方由于气候寒冷,影响了体内酶的活性,新陈代谢慢,生命周期长;再加上北方冬季漫长而寒冷,人们的户外活动少,体内营养物质积累多,因而长得 “ 人高马大 ” 一些。

( 6 )南繁北齐:我国语言的地理差异表现为南繁北齐,即南方语言繁杂,北方语言比较单一。我国北方广大地区都属北方方言区,从哈尔滨到昆明直线距离 3000 多千米,两地语言虽有区别,但通话、交流并没有太大障碍。而南方即使在同一方言区内,如闽方言区内,还分福州话、厦门话、莆田话、闽西话等,彼此差异极大,甚至听不懂。这些语言的形成与地理环境是有一定关系的。一则我国北方多地势平坦的高原和平原,交通联系方便,老百姓交往、交流的机会多,彼此融合,因而语言差异不大。二则南方多丘陵山地,地形崎岖,交通闭塞,不利于人们交往,久而久之,便形成各具地方特色的 “ 土话 ” 。

( 7 )南经北政:从总体上看,我国北方军事、政治活动活跃,南方经济、文化发达。北方历来是我国的政治中心,秦、汉、唐定都长安 ( 今西安 ) ,元、明、清定都北京,新中国成立后,北京又是中华人民共和国的首都,这更确定了北方在全国的政治地位。到了近现代,由于西方的科学文化首先从我国东南沿海传入,促进了南方经济的飞跃发展,使得南方在经济文化上的优势不断加强。因而 “ 北方出当官的,南方出经商的 ” ,这两句话较好地反映了南北方不同的政治、经济心态。

( 8 )南轻北重:由于受到资源和区位等因素的影响,我国的工业布局有南轻北重的地域特征,即我国北方以重工业为主,南方轻工业相对比较发达。造成这一现象的原因主要是:我国北方煤炭、石油、铁矿石等矿产资源丰富,因而逐渐形成以采矿、冶金、机械制造等重工业为主的工业结构。而东南沿海地区资源贫乏,但交通便捷、资金技术力量雄厚,所以便扬长避短,发展原料、燃料消耗少的工业类型,因而轻工业相对比较发达。

( 9 )南拳北腿: 南方由于纬度偏低,地处亚热带、热带区域,冬季平均气温在 0 ℃以上,夏季最高气温常在 30 ℃以上。因此,南方人发育较早。根据人体生理发育的规律,发育提前,生长发育期就短。因此南方人长得小巧玲珑,下肢较短,用腿踢人在搏击中是其所短,而手的运用则是南方人的优势。此外,上肢运动时能量消耗比下肢少,产热少,符合南方人耐热的特点,这是南方人善用上肢拳法的地理原因之一。

北方则相反,发育年龄偏迟,发育期长,因此身体高大。而且北方人以杂粮、肉类为主,这就给北方人长得高大粗壮提供了物质基础。又因为气温低,在寒冷的冬季,人们多用产热多的下肢运动。

地形特征   南方以舟为主要交通工具。因为船上的活动范围有限,加上船的颠簸,在格斗中立足不稳,就有被击倒或掉入河中的危险,故南拳自古就有“未学工夫先扎马”之说。再由于地面区域相对较小,小范围的上肢搏击更利于击败对方。

而北方平地面积广大,外出主要靠两腿行走,腿部力量足是北方人的基本素质。

( 10 ) 南甜北咸:的饮食习惯一则与物产有关,再则与气候有关。南方产糖,湿度大,使人体蒸腾小,因而喜欢吃糖,而不需要吃过多的盐,如粤菜和苏锡菜等用糖就比较多。北方地区的相对湿度小,人体蒸腾量大,需要消耗较多盐分,故口味偏咸。

 

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吾爱地理 » 高中地理学习方法系列:(九)生活中学地理
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