高中地理学习方法系列:(三)运用地理工具

地理工具

文字和地图、图表、图像等是地理的表达形式,构成了地理学的形象特征,地理高考突出考查学生是否具备运用地理工具和方法分析和评价地理事象的思维品质。地理试题几乎是每一个题组都有一幅图(表),这些图表多数比较新颖,对学生读图(表)的能力要求较高。

地理技能主要包括地图基本技能;时间计算;等值线判读;地形剖面图绘制;曲线图、折线图、柱状图、圆形百分比图的阅读与绘制;自然要素和社会经济统计图表分析;原理示意图、景观图分析;分布图阅读与分析;资料阅读与信息提取、认定、判断及反思技能等等。

等值线图重点是等高线、等压线、等温线和等降水量线。等值线图的读图要求主要是五个方面:读数据;判断等值线疏密、走向和递变规律;判断弯曲特征及成因;判断极值区特征及其成因;绘制剖面图等绘图技能。

图表类型很多,包括经纬网图、等值线图、分布图、原理示意图、模式图、结构图、景观图、统计图表等等。

统计图表类型多样,高考中常见的有曲线图、折线图、点状坐标图、圆(扇)形百分比图、柱状图、饼状图、统计表格等等。不同类型的统计图表特点和功能不同,高考中多在教材中原有图基础上作变式处理(统计图的转换)或考查新图。统计图表按要素多少可以分为单图(单一要素图)、叠加图(多要素图)和组图(多幅图组合)三种。叠加图和组图要会分解成单图,在阅读单图基础上,分析要素间相互关系和多幅图间的联系。

单图的阅读包括:

( 1 )读出图名,明确图表内容;

( 2 )阅读坐标(横坐标、纵坐标;观察坐标设置是否严格)、明确单位、读出数据。

( 3 )抓住特征点与特征量(最大值、最小值、平均值和转折点),分析数据特点和变化趋势。

( 4 )提取已有知识信息,分析图中各要素间相互联系,发现隐含信息。

( 5 )注意整体和局部分析、宏观与微观分析。

叠加图和组图的阅读要明确:不同单图的各自优点不同;组图扩大信息含量和读图难度;分解法和叠加法训练是平时训练的重要方法;要经常使用比较法。

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吾爱地理 » 高中地理学习方法系列:(三)运用地理工具
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