高中地理学习方法系列:(五)构建知识体系

地理学知识体系

通过地理的学习,学生应该形成有质量的地理知识结构,并能进行灵活提取、迁移和应用。地理知识结构建构的层次包括:( 1 )地理常识(地理事实、地理数据);( 2 )地理概念(概念群、核心概念);( 3 )地理规律和原理;( 4 )主要知识点及答题思路;( 5 )章节知识结构;( 6 )宏观知识结构;( 7 )学科内综合知识;( 8 )跨学科知识。

著名教育家布鲁纳说, “ 帮助学生有效地习得概念,是学校教育的基本目的之一 ” 。概念学习是中学地理学习中非常重要的环节。

高考考查概念主要有两种:考查已知概念,测试学生掌握的准确程度;考查未知概念,考查学生把提供信息读懂,形成新概念的能力。

有的时候,学生最主要的问题是概念不清。例如:走向、延伸方向、流向、上风向、最小风频、递变规律、地形特征、气候特征、水文特征、河流补给、地质构造、地质作用、锋面气旋、季风、山麓、雪线、伏旱、湿地、耕作制、坎儿井、地带性规律、晨昏线、日期界线、环境人口容量、文化传播、可持续发展、生态农业、立体农业、布局、产业转移、区位等等。

举例法是学习概念最基本的方法,对比法是学习概念的另一个重要方法。

进行概念分类,明确概念从属关系,了解概念群并进行概念应用训练,在使用中掌握概念。要梳理主要的概念,进行重点核心概念分析。例如气温的概念群包括:

( 1 )极值气温(最高、最低);( 2 )平均气温(日平均、月平均);( 3 )温差(日较差、年较差);( 4 )积 温;( 5 )温度带;( 6 )等温线;( 7 )气温变化(水平变化、垂直变化);( 8 )影响气温的主要因素(太阳辐射、地形、水文、天气、人类活动)。

规律是事物之间的内在的本质联系。这种联系不断重复出现,在一定条件下经常起作用,并且决定着事物必然向着某种趋向发展。原理是带有普遍性的、最基本的、可以作为其他规律的基础的规律,是具有普遍意义的道理。

地理规律和原理是地理理性知识的基础,主要包括地理事物的特征,成因及其发展变化和相互联系等。地理规律主要分为空间规律(地带性规律、非地带性规律)、时间规律(日变化、季节变化、年变化、年际变化)、地理事物发展变化规律。自然界主要是物质的组成和物质的运动。物质的组成主要是基本地理概念和地理事实,物质的运动变化则是规律和原理。

理解运用基本规律和原理,要求首先识别简单的规律和原理,主要是单要素的变化规律。如气温垂直递减率(在对流层内每升高 1 千米温度降低 6℃ );气压垂直变化规律(越往高气压越低);经度和纬度分布规律(纬度数值向北递增的为北纬,向南递增的为南纬;经度数值向东递增的为东经,向西递增的为西经度)等等。遇到复杂的规律应该分解为简单的规律,分析主要影响要素及其关系,分析规律使用的条件。规律的掌握要经常借助地图来实现。

理解运用基本规律和原理,要求会归纳概括出规律和利用规律分析地理事物趋势,预测地理现象等。地理事物的分布、运动、变化大都有规律可循,地理原理涉及自然地理与人文地理要素的各方面,因此考生在学习与复习过程中不仅应对地理规律和原理进行理解,更重要的是应用它们联系实际解决问题,即运用所学知识进行综合分析,比较判断,归纳或演绎推导等能力。

地理规律和原理很多,学习中要会总结。如主要包括:时区变化规律;经度纬度变化规律;地图方向规律;地球自然和公转规律;阳光直射点移动规律;昼夜长短和正午太阳高度角变化规律;四季变化规律;水平运动物体偏转规律;气压变化规律;锋面移动规律;气压带风带分布规律;气温和降水变化规律;气候类型和自然带分布规律;海水温度和盐度变化规律;河流补给规律;洋流分布规律;火山地震分布规律;生态系统中能量流动规律和物质循环规律;人口增长变化规律;城市化规律;河流分布规律;地球上存在生命现象原理;自然要素相互作用原理;水平衡原理;地质作用原理;生态平衡原理;气候资源对人类活动的影响;农业布局原理;工业布局原理等等。

地理学关键要就 “ 理 ” 字做文章,否则就停留在描述的阶段。同学们不仅要知道地理事物分布在哪里,更要学会分析为什么在那里。理解、运用地理规律和原理,进行比较、推导、综合分析的能力就是要理解地理基本规律和原理,并运用其对地理问题进行综合分析,或运用所学的地理及相关学科的知识和观点,比较和分析地理事实材料,简明地推导或定性地说明地理规律和原理。

建构知识结构要注意建立地理知识练习线索。建立知识间的联系线索,是对已知知识的加工和重组,需要掌握知识间的内在联系,明确联系途径和方向,这样在遇到新问题时,方能提取应用。旧知识在新的指导思想下,经过重新组合、归纳、联系、迁移,就成为 “ 有组织的 ” 新知识。例如:

空间分布的接近联系或对比联系,如;世界大洲的分布 —— 板块的分布 —— 世界火山地震带的分布 —— 年青的褶皱山脉的分布 —— 年青的高原的分布 —— 某些有色金属矿的分布 —— 古老的高原的分布 —— 主要平原的分布 —— 与冲击平原有关大河的分布。

地理事物间因果关系的联系,如:太阳辐射在地球上的不均衡分布 —— 气压带风带的分布 —— 洋流的分布 —— 气候类型的分布 —— 自然植被的分布 —— 自然带的分布 —— 土地利用的不同类型 —— 农业发展的不同类型 —— 农作物的分布。再如,地球自转 —— 昼夜交替 —— 晨昏线移动 —— 地方时不同 —— 时区的划分 —— 区时的计算。地球运动在远日点附近 ——7 月初 —— 北极附近为极昼 —— 晨线在北极圈内。

地理事物间平行并列关系的联系,如;各种外力地质作用,各种工业部门,组成同一地理事物的各种要素(如生态系统的组成要素),共同影响或共同作用于同一地理事物的各种因素(如影响气候的因素),形成同一地理事物的多项条件(如土壤形成的条件、形成大气环流的气压带风带、商业中心的形成条件)。

地理事物间主次从属关系的联系,如:气候要素与其所包含的气温、降水、气压和风;外力地质作用与其所包含的风化作用、侵蚀作用、搬运作用、堆积作用;自然资源与其所包含的土地资源、大气资源、水资源、生物资源、矿产资源、海洋资源等。

地理事物间大小包含关系的联系,如:总星系 —— 银河系及河外星系 —— 太阳系及其他恒星系统 —— 地月系及其他行星系统;地球上的水 —— 海洋水及陆地水 —— 地表水(河流水、湖泊水、冰川)及地下水(潜水、承压水)等;农作物 —— 粮食作物 —— 稻谷、小麦、玉米等;能源资源 —— 常规能源 —— 矿物能源 —— 煤炭、石油等。

地理学习要进一步提炼教材,形成答题思路。以人文地理为例,核心内容就是区位因素分析:

工业(传统工业区、新兴工业区,不同的工业部门,产业转移);农业(农业地域类型、农业基地、渔场、牧场);城市(城市形成、城市地域功能分区);交通(铁路线、公路线、港口、机场);商业中心(商业街、商业小区、商业网点密度);旅游区(旅游资源评价);区域经济发展(西部大开发;中部崛起;东部沿海)

以选修二教材为例,重在提炼国土整治的主要问题:

水土流失问题(黄土高原与南方山区);荒漠化问题(西北干旱、半干旱地区);河流的综合治理(表现、分布、治理措施);农业中低产田的治理(华北平原与南方红壤);山区农业资源的开发(南方低山丘陵);商品农业区域的开发(东北平原);交通运输的建设(西南地区);海岛和海域的开发(海南岛和海域);资源的跨地区调配(西气东输、西电东送、南水北调、北美南运);城市新区的发展(上海、北京)。

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吾爱地理 » 高中地理学习方法系列:(五)构建知识体系
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