地理信息系统算法基础

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前言/序言

地理信息系统(GIS)自20世纪60年代问世以来,已历经40多个春秋。随着计算机技术、通信技术的普及,GIS已经走出实验室,在各行业内得到了广泛的应用并取得了良好的经济效益和社会效益。越来越多的来自不同行业、不同专业的人士开始利用GIS技术解决生产和社会实践中的问题。
地理信息系统算法基础》旨在对GIS基础软件、应用软件,以及GIS应用过程中涉及的基本的GIS算法及其应用做一较为全面系统的介绍和分析。“算法”一词源于公元9世纪波斯数学家比阿勒·霍瓦里松的一本影响深远的著作《代数对话录》。英国数学家图灵在20世纪提出了著名的图灵论点,并抽象出了一台机器,这台机器被我们称为图灵机。图灵的思想对算法的发展起到了重要的作用。算法是指完成一个任务所需要的具体步骤和方法。完成同样任务,不同的算法可能使用不同的时间和空间。算法是计算机处理信息的本质,因为计算机程序本质上是一个算法,告诉计算机确切的步骤来执行一个指定的任务。一般地,当算法在处理信息时,数据会从输入设备读取,写入输出设备,可能保存起来以供后期使用。随着地理信息系统在各个领域中更为广泛的应用,对GIS算法的研究变得日益重要。GIS算法作为处理地理科学领域中各种问题的分析求解方法,有着鲜明的特点。首先,GIS算法是用来解决地学领域中的问题,但许多算法都不是孤立的,不是无源之水,无本之木,而是借鉴和发展了其他学科的研究成果;其次,GIS算法处理的往往是海量的地理信息,涉及许多复杂的空间运算,不同于简单的数据查询、编辑操作;再次,地理信息系统与实际应用、工程开发有着密切的关系,GIS算法与一般算法很重要的一个区别就是要处理问题的不确定性,它无法被定性、定量成一个非常明确的纯算法问题。例如,标注一条河流,标注必须靠近河流但是不能与其相交,标注的走向与河流一致但又不能覆盖地图上的其他要素,标注必须间隔一致但又不允许太大也不能太小等,不一而足。《地理信息系统算法基础》将更多地从计算机算法的角度来阐述GIS算法的设计原则、分析方法、技巧以及相关的评价。
GIS与各类学科都有密切的联系,GIS算法与地理科学、计算机科学、数学等同样有着千丝万缕的关系。GIS的许多算法都是从计算几何、计算图形学、离散数学演化而来的。它是整个地理信息科学的核心,不管是从基本的GIS空间数据结构到空间数据模型,还是从必需的GIS空间关系的表达与描述到各种各样的空间拓扑关系,抑或是从高级的时态多维GIS到GIS空间数据挖掘与知识发现.GIS算法作为地理信息系统的基石当之无愧。GIS算法是一个富集优雅技术和复杂数学分析结果的领域,一个好的算法或数据结构可能使某个原来需要数月才能完成的问题在顷刻之间得到解决。在实际的应用中,往往需要考虑各方面的因素,可能需要利用时间来换取空间,也有可能必须牺牲效率来获得最佳的存储性能,换句话来说,即可能没有放之四海而皆准的最优算法。因此掌握GIS算法的设计原则,剖析各种GIS分析方法,灵活应用一些技巧自有其用武之地。

目录


前言
第1章算法设计和分析
1.1概述
1.2算法设计原则
1.3算法复杂性的度量
1.3.1时间复杂性
1.3.2空间复杂性
1.4最优算法
1.5算法的评价
1.5.1如何估计算法运行时间
1.5.2最坏情况和平均情况的分析
1.5.3平摊分析
1.5.4输入大小和问题实例
思考题

第2章GIS算法的计算几何基础
2.1维数扩展的9交集模型
2.1.1概述
2.1.2模型介绍
2.1.3空间关系的判定
2.2矢量的概念
2.2.1矢量加减法
2.2.2矢量叉积
2.3折线段的拐向判断
2.4判断点是否在线段上
2.5判断两线段是否相交
2.6判断矩形是否包含点
2.7判断线段、折线、多边形是否在矩形中
2.8判断矩形是否在矩形中
2.9判断圆是否在矩形中
2.10判断点是否在多边形内
2.10.1射线法
2.10.2转角法
2.11判断线段是否在多边形内
2.12判断折线是否在多边形内
2.13判断多边形是否在多边形内
2.14判断矩形是否在多边形内
2.15判断圆是否在多边形内
2.16判断点是否在圆内
2.17判断线段、折线、矩形、多边形是否在圆内
2.18判断圆是否在圆内
2.19计算两条共线的线段的交点
2.20计算线段或直线与线段的交点
2.21求线段或直线与圆的交点
2.22中心点的计算
2.23过点作垂线
2.24作平行线
2.25过点作平行线
2.26线段延长
2.27三点画圆
2.28线段打断
2.29前方交会
2.30距离交会
2.31极坐标作点
思考题

第3章空间数据的变换算法
3.1平面坐标变换
3.1.1平面直角坐标系的建立
3.1.2平面坐标变换矩阵
3.1.3平移变换
3.1.4比例变换
3.1.5对称变换
3.1.6旋转变换
3.1.7错切变换
3.1.8复合变换
3.1.9相对(xf,yf)点的比例变换
3.1.10相对(xf,yf)点的旋转变换
3.1.11几点说明
3.2球面坐标变换
3.2.1球面坐标系的建立
3.2.2确定新极Q地理坐标中φ0、λ0
3.3仿射变换
3.4地图投影变换
3.4.1概述
3.4.2地球椭球体的相关公式
3.4.3兰勃特投影
3.4.4墨卡托投影
3.4.5高斯-克吕格投影
3.4.6通用横轴墨卡托投影
思考题

第4章空间数据转换算法
4.1矢量数据向栅格数据转换
4.1.1矢量点的栅格化
4.1.2矢量线的栅格化
4.1.3矢量面的栅格化
4.2栅格数据向矢量数据转换
4.2.1栅格点坐标与矢量点坐标的关系
4.2.2栅格数据矢量化的基本步骤
4.2.3线状栅格数据的细化
4.2.4多边形栅格转矢量的双边界搜索算法
4.2.5多边形栅格转矢量的单边界搜索算法
思考题

第5章空间数据组织算法
5.1矢量数据的压缩
5.1.1间隔取点法
5.1.2垂距法和偏角法
5.1.3道格拉斯-普克法
5.1.4光栏法
5.1.5曲线压缩算法的比较
5.1.6面域的数据压缩算法
5.2栅格数据的压缩
5.2.1链式编码
5.2.2游程长度编码
5.2.3块式编码
5.2.4差分映射法
5.2.5四叉树编码
5.3拓扑关系的生成
5.3.1基本数据结构
5.3.2弧段的预处理
5.3.3结点匹配算法
5.3.4建立拓扑关系
思考题

第6章空间度量算法
6.1直线和距离
6.1.1直线
6.1.2直线方程
6.1.3点到直线的距离
6.2角度量算
6.3多边形面积的量算
6.3.1三角形面积量算
6.3.2四边形面积量算
6.3.3任意二维平面多边形面积量算
6.3.4任意三维平面多边形面积量算
思考题

第7章空间数据索引算法
7.1B树与B+树
7.1.1B树索引结构
7.1.2B+树索引结构
7.2R树结构
7.2.1R树定义
7.2.2R树索引的主要操作算法
7.2.3R*树算法
7.3四叉树结构
7.3.1常规四叉树
7.3.2线性四叉树
7.3.3线性四叉树的编码
7.3.4Z曲线和Hiben曲线算法
思考题

第8章空间数据内插算法
8.1概述
8.1.1几何方法
8.1.2统计方法
8.1.3空间统计方法
8.1.4函数方法
8.1.5随机模拟方法
8.1.6确定性模拟
8.1.7综合方法
8.2分段圆弧法
8.3分段三次多项式插值法
8.3.1三点法
8.3.2五点法
8.4趋势面插值算法
8.5反距离权重插值算法
8.6双线性插值算法
8.7薄板样条函数法
8.7.1薄板样条函数法
8.7.2规则样条函数
8.7.3薄板张力样条法
8.8克里金法
8.8.1普通克里金法
8.8.2通用克里金法
思考题

第9章Delaunay三角网与Voronoi图算法
9.1概述
9.2VoronOi图
9.3Delaunay三角形
9.4Voronoi图生成算法
9.4.1半平面的交
9.4.2增量构造方法
9.4.3分治算法
9.4.4减量算法
9.4.5平面扫描算法
思考题

第10章缓冲区分析算法
10.1概述
10.2缓冲区边界生成算法基础
10.3点缓冲区边界生成算法
10.4线缓冲区边界生成算法
10.5面缓冲区边界生成算法
10.6多目标缓冲区合并算法
思考题

第11章网络分析算法
11.1概述
11.2网络数据模型
11.3路径分析算法
11.3.1单源点的最短路径
11.3.2单目标最短路径问题
11.3.3单结点对间最短路径问题
11.3.4多结点对间最短路径问题
11.3.5次短路径求解算法
11.4最佳路径算法
11.4.1最大可靠路径
11.4.2最大容量路径
11.5连通性分析算法
11.5.1Prim算法
11.5.2Kruskal算法
11.6资源分配算法
思考题

第12章地形分析算法
12.1数字地面模型的生成算法
12.1.1基于离散点的DEM规则网格的生成
12.1.2基于不规则三角网的DEM生成
12.1.3DEM数据结构的相互转换
12.2基本地形因子分析算法
12.2.1坡面因子提取的算法基础
12.2.2坡度、坡向
12.2.3坡形
12.3地形特征提取算法
12.3.1地形特征点的提取
12.3.2基于规则格网DEM数据提取山脊与山谷线的典型算法
12.4通视分析算法
12.4.1判断两点之间的可视性的算法
12.4.2计算可视域的算法
思考题

第13章空间数据挖掘算法
13.1概述
13.2分类算法
13.2.1数据分类的基本过程
13.2.2决策树分类概述
13.2.3决策树的特点
13.2.4二叉决策树算法与分类规则的生成
13.2.5决策树分类算法
13.2.6决策树属性的选取
13.2.7改进决策树性能的方法
13.3泛化规则算法
13.3.1概念层次
13.3.2面向属性泛化的策略与特点
13.3.3基于规则的面向属性泛化方法
13.4相关分析
13.4.1两要素间的相关分析
13.4.2多要素之间的相关分析
13.4.3关联规则算法
13.5回归分析
13.5.1一元线性回归模型
13.5.2多元线性回归模型
13.5.3非线性回归模型
13.5.4回归分析与相关分析
13.6系统聚类分析
13.6.1概述
13.6.2聚类要素预处理
13.6.3分类统计量
13.6.4系统聚类法
13.6.5其他聚类方法概述
13.7判别分析
13.7.1距离判别
13.7.2费歇判别法
13.7.3贝叶斯判别法
13.7.4判别分析应注意的问题
13.8主成分分析
13.8.1主成分分析的基本原理
13.8.2主成分分析的方法
思考题

第14章数据输出算法
14.1概述
14.1.1地图符号构成元素组成
14.1.2地图符号几何特征
14.1.3基于SVG的地图符号描述模型
14.2点状地图符号的绘制
14.2.1圆的绘制
14.2.2椭圆的绘制
14.2.3多边形的绘制
14.2.4五角星的绘制
14.3线状地图符号的绘制
14.3.1平行线绘制
14.3.2虚线绘制
14.3.3短齿线的绘制
14.3.4铁路线的绘制
14.3.5境界线的绘制
14.4面状地图符号的绘制
思考题
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吾爱地理 » 地理信息系统算法基础
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