武汉大学GIS学习笔记

完整版3万多字,下载链接:https://www.syjshare.com/res/USL428MC

 

本笔记适用于:《地理信息系统基础》(龚建雅 编 遥感院和重点实验室考试用 因为这两个地方考试用的试卷一样),
《地理信息系统教程》(胡鹏 编 资源环境学院考试用)
第一章 绪论
§1-1 GIS概念
一、信息与数据
1、信息
1)定义:
信息是现实世界在人们头脑中的反映。它以文字、数据、符号、声音、图象等形式记录下来,进行传递和处理,为人们的生产,建设,治理等提供依据。
2)信息的特性:
A、客观性:任何信息都是与客观事实相联系的,这是信息的正确性和精确度的保证。
B、适用性:问题不同,影响因素不同,需要的信息种类是不同的。信息系统将地理空间的巨大数据流收集,组织和治理起来,经过处理、转换和分析变为对生产、治理和决策具有重要意义的有用信息,这是由建立信息系统的明确目的性所决定的。
如股市信息,对于不会炒股的人来说,毫无用处,而股民们会根据它进行股票的购进或抛出,以达到股票增值的目的。
C、传输性:信息可在信息发送者和接受者之间进行传输信息的传输网络,被形象地称为“信息高速公路”。
D、共享性:信息与实物不同,信息可传输给多个用户,为用户共享,而其本身并无损失,这为信息的并发应用提供可能性。
2、数据
指输入到计算机并能被计算机进行处理的数字、文字、\符号、声音、图象等符号。
数据是对客观现象的表示,数据本身并没有意义。数据的格式往往和具体的计算机系统有关,随载荷它的物理设备的形式而改变。
3、两者关系
(有人认为,输入的都叫数据,输出的都叫信息,其实不然)。
数据是信息的表达、载体,信息是数据的内涵,是形与质的关系。
只有数据对实体行为产生影响才成为信息,数据只有经过解释才有意义,成为信息。
例如“1、”“0”独立的1、0均无意义。
当它表示某实体在某个地域内存在与否,它就提供了“有”“无”信息,当用它来标识某种实体的类别时,它就提供了特征码信息。
二、地理信息与地学信息
1、地理信息
1)定义: 指与研究对象的空间地理分布有关的信息。它表示地理系统诸要素的数量、质量、分布特征,相互联系和变化规律的图、文、声、像等的总称。
2)特点:
A、地域性:(是地理信息区别于其它类型信息的最显著标志)。
地理信息属于空间信息,位置的识别与数据相联系,它的这种定位特征是通过公共的地理基础来体现的。

 

 

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吾爱地理 » 武汉大学GIS学习笔记
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