地理条件对一个国家有多大影响?

翻了翻自己的备课本,找到了下面的内容:

日本人对死亡的态度和我们很不一样,中国儒家认为“未知生,焉知死”,子路问鬼神生死之事,孔子的回答则举重若轻,巧妙地将鬼神与生死等空而大,以及玄远幽冥的问题转移到了人生人世上。但日本人不避讳谈死亡,日本人喜欢瞬间绽放转眼又凋落的樱花,崇尚武士道的牺牲精神,也是自杀率较高的国家之一。日本人看轻生死,宽容生死,从不避讳,认为死亡是生命瞬间绽放的闪光。

这一点在日本动漫作品中露出端倪:

《海贼王》开篇以罗杰的死开启大海贼时代。

 

《火影忍者》中自来也将自己的死看作豪杰物语的最终章。

 

 

《多罗罗》中,百鬼丸直接被父亲献祭给鬼神,多亏菩萨保佑,才留得一丝性命。

 

 

《绝望先生》第一幕就是老师吊死在樱花树下……

 

 

这样的例子不胜枚举。为什么会有这样的民族观念?

对死亡“诗意的淡化”,和日本自古以来的地理环境不无相关,日本地窄人稠,资源短缺,加上季风气候的不稳定,从事渔业的危险性,还有地震频发,让他们觉得生活不易,经常要面对死亡的考验,这就产生了强烈的民族危机感,面对死亡,与其害怕不如学会与绝望和平相处,将于是死的恐惧抛之脑后,纵情歌颂生的美好!

 


东南亚诸国中,印度尼西亚70%的经济总量,被只占人口4%的华人所控制;菲律宾十大富豪,七个是华人;泰国十大富豪,七个是华人;马来西亚十大富豪有八个华人。印尼泰国马来西亚富豪榜长期被华人霸榜,又是怎么回事呢?

东南亚土著眼里,对富有的华人是羡慕嫉妒恨,华人勤劳又狡诈,世代经商,善于积累财富。

而当地人就比较散漫,有钱就花,及时行乐。

有一种观点认为:当地的农作物越需要人的精心照料,当地人工作时间也往往越长。这样的心理会世代积累:父辈日出而作、日落而息,他们经常拿着农具去劳动的背影,会让子女认为每天辛勤劳动是理所应当的事情。

东南亚热带季风气候或者热带雨林气候,作物成熟快,人们花在劳作上的时间也短,有些板块边界处火山灰提供肥沃土壤,水果丰富极易成熟,菠萝香蕉椰子芒果,到处都是,想饿死都难!

东亚从事水稻种植业就不同了,需要对作物进行大量的照料,田间工作时间肯定长。

雨热同期适合耕种,但夏季风的强弱进退不稳定,也有降水变率大水旱灾害频发的特点。勤奋努力的农户,往往能收获更多的粮食,得到正反馈。

小农经济体制抗灾能力弱,只有勤劳勇敢,克勤克俭,储备好稻谷以备不时之需,才能度过灾情,繁衍生息。从而养成了喜欢节俭、善于积累存储的习惯!

 

 


东非高原上的肯尼亚人,多次包揽城市马拉松冠军,有个长跑小镇——义坦,人口六千,有一千马拉松运动员。

 

肯尼亚的长跑运动员身形瘦长,腿长,臀高,红肌(持久性优异的骨骼肌,能储存氧气)发达,身高(英寸)和体重比(磅)为0.53,越大越适合长跑,血液中血红素高。

这样的种族优势是在自然环境影响下,长期演化的结果。

除了人种优势,肯尼亚又得益于东非高原恰到好处的高海拔,既为他们提供了普通人难得的“高原训练”环境,又不至于缺氧让人难以运动(虽然原理不同,但感觉好像《龙珠》中重力室的效果)。

全年温和的气候使那里无论何时都适合训练(曾出现过非洲小伙重庆/杭州/北京夏天太热,想回老家避暑的新闻)。

最重要的原因,穷!跑步是当地人脱贫致富的一条有效捷径。

 

 


印度,牛是有较高地位的,普通的牛如果老了也能善终,瘤牛甚至还被认为是神兽、圣物。

 

 

印度教的教义里,牛是禁止食用的,马路上遇到牛在休息,车还必须要缓慢绕行或原地等待。

这是因为,凡事把牛吃掉的人家,难免后面要忍饥挨饿。印度是热带季风气候,有明显的雨旱两季,雨季过后,土地非常泥泞,犁平地面仅靠人力根本不能搞定,这时候,牛就发挥了无可取代的作用。如果之前把牛吃了,那估计要死路一条了。所以,干脆以教义的形式,规劝人不要杀牛,要可持续发展。

 

 


地中海沿岸,夏季炎热干燥,冬季温和多雨。炎热干燥不用愁,只要有灌溉水源,光照充足能让作物果实更加饱满,水果更甜美;冬季温和,让人类和牲畜免于严寒的痛苦。

公元前五世纪到公元四世纪,这里是人类文明的中心之一。人们在解决了温饱之后,沐浴在明媚的阳光下,徜徉于碧海蓝天之间,就有心情去思考、讨论、创造。研究哲学和数学。文艺复兴,也是从意大利开始。

大航海时代,反倒由地中海相对边缘的西班牙,葡萄牙发端。越是交通不便,人们就越有动力去寻求新的路线。我国的温州也是类似(非公有制经济已占当地GDP的98%)。

 

 

 


非洲为什么农业不发达?

大多为热带气候,普遍高温,无冬季,病虫害肆虐;雨林地区,淋溶作用强,土壤肥力不足,降水多,如果排水不好,会影响作物生长;草原地区,雨季短旱季长,缺少水源的地方难以持续发展,水源充足的地方也滋生蚊蝇,人口规模达到一定程度又容易有流行病;缺少容易驯化的大型哺乳类动物;长期的奴隶贸易,使非洲陷入动荡和混乱,教育科技落后,无机械化农业基础。

 

 


尼罗河定期泛滥,带来肥沃土壤,奠定了埃及沿河绿色走廊发展农业的基础,为精准预测汛期和枯水期,计算洪水淹没的区域,催生了古埃及文明发达的天文历法几何学。

 

 


以上类似的例子还有很多。

物质环境,可能影响一个人对规模、宽敞的感觉。
美拉尼西亚的蒂科皮亚小岛只有三英里长,岛上居民几乎没有国土面积的概念,他们一直想知道,在不能听到海浪声音的地方是否有陆地存在。
如果要进行极端的比较,那么可以以中国为例。中国覆盖了一个大陆,中国人早就学会了正视遥远的距离,并对其持敬畏之心。原因在于远足可能意味着与朋友和爱人分离。
早期的中国文献中,曾使用“千里”这一表达,唤起对遥远距离的感觉。到汉代时,“万里”流行起来。随着地理知识的增长,诗人的夸张手法也需要进行相应的调整,而且随着地理知识的增长,诗人可以使用对比性的自然环境,唤起距离感和分离感。如:
行行重行行,与君生离别。
相去万余里,各在天一涯。
道路阻且长,会面安可知。
胡马依北风,越鸟巢南枝。
——《空间与地方》 段义孚

人无法脱离环境,地理环境对人类发展影响深远,地理环境决定论也在社会发展的过程中起到过一定积极意义,但是地理环境决定论始终是有局限性的。

毕竟,社会人文现象复杂多变,不可能由单一因素决定,而是多因素的影响下,不同区域交流下,偶然事件加持下,共同导致的结果。

民族性格、国家品质之类的说法,有一定道理,但也不尽然,至于其形成的原因,也应该是复杂的。我们能从地理的角度去解读,也可以从其他方面去解读。

学地理,只是是学了一种看问题的思维角度,仅此而已。

 


本文授权转载于知乎用户“牛正蓝”,感谢其辛勤创作!

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吾爱地理 » 地理条件对一个国家有多大影响?
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