遥感图像处理的重要概念

 

 

DN值:遥感影像像元亮度值,是传感器记录地物的原始灰度值。无单位,是一个整数值,值大小与传感器的辐射分辨率、地物发射率、大气透过率和散射率等存在函数关系。

 

表观反射率:也叫大气表观反射率,指大气层顶所获取的地物反射率,是辐射定标的结果之一,大气层顶表观反射率,简称表观反射率,又称视反射率。英文指Top-of-Atmosphere Reflectance。有的地方也叫 reflectance。

 

地表反射率:地面反射辐射量与入射辐射量之比,表征地面对太阳辐射的吸收和反射能力。反射率越大,地面吸收太阳辐射越少;反射率越小,地面吸收太阳辐射越多。英文多为Surface Reflectance,或者有的直接称 reflectance。

 

辐亮度:英文表示为Radiance,与reflectance不同,是有单位的。我们在用ENVI进行辐射定标的时候选的就是这一个,输出默认单位是

 

 

顺便说一下,ENVI的FLAASH大气校正使用的单位是

 

 

两者之间有一个0.1倍的转换关系。

 

发射率(Emissive ):通常叫比辐射率,是指物体的辐射能力与相同温度下黑体的辐射能力之比称为该物体的发射率,范围一般在 [0,1],用来描述热红外图像特征。比辐射率也包括大气表观比辐射率和地表比辐射率,意义和反射率类似。将未定标的DN影像转成发射率影像,通常采用线性变换模型计算。

 

亮温〔brightness temperature ):当一个物体的辐射亮度与某一黑体的辐射亮度相等时,该黑体的物理温度就被称之为该物体的 “亮度温度”。所以亮度温度具有温度的量纲,但是不具有温度的物理含义,它是一个物体辐射亮度的代表名词。单位是开尔文或者摄氏度,是一个广义的温度定义,这个温度是由很多因素造成的,比如大气下行、上行辐射等。可以通过普朗克方程,将热红外辐射亮度图像转成亮温图像。与亮湿泪对应的就是地表湿度,简单的理解就是消除大气上行、下行等因素影响的亮湿,常用的方法包括大气校正法、单窗法、劈窗法等。

 

辐射定标:Radiometric calibration 将记录的原始DN值转换为大气外层表面反射率(或辐射亮度值)。用户需要计算地物的光谱反射率或光谱辐射亮度时,或者需要对不同时间、不同传感器获取的影像进行比较时,都必须将影像的亮度灰度值转换为绝对的辐射亮度,这个过程就是辐射定标。

 

大气校正:Atmospheric correction 将辐射亮度或者表面反射率转换为地表实际反射率(或辐射亮度值)。

 

几何校正:纠正系统和非系统因素引起的几何畸变。利用GCP纠正各种因素引起的几何变形,对影像进行地理坐标定位,获得真实坐标信息。主要包括:空间像元位置的变换和变换后像元亮度值的计算,在ENVI中与影像配准一块进行。

 

图像配准(Registration):同一区域里一幅影像(基准影像)对另一幅影像(待校正影像)校准或利用GCP对影像进行校准,以使待校正影像纳入同一坐标系(包括相对坐标系和绝对坐标系)。

 

正射校正(Ortho-rectification):借助于地形高程模型(DEM),对影像中每个像元进行地形的校正,使影像符合正射投影的要求。

 

 


本位授权转载于知乎用于“感巫师”,感谢其辛勤创作!

原为链接:https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/342533875

 

 

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吾爱地理 » 遥感图像处理的重要概念
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