Von Thünen(范杜能) 农业土地利用模型

范杜能(von Thünen)农业土地利用模型创建于1826年,最初是在欧洲和其他地方的大规模工业化之前发展起来的。

 

Portrait of J. H. von Thünen by Wilhelm Ternite. Black and white photograph of the painting. The original portrait hangs in the Thünen-Museum-Tellow in Mecklenberg, Germany

von Thünen

 

范杜能(1783年6月24日至1850年9月22日)是一个农民,土地所有者和经济学家,他利用自己亲身经历的观察,创造了或许是第一个已知的关于地租的空间经济学模型。

 

古典模型的主要假设是:

  • 1) a city is centrally located in an “isolated state,” 1)城市位于“孤立国家”的中心
  • 2) one of the surrounding areas around a town is wilderness, 2)城镇周围的一个区域是荒野,
  • 3) land is generally flat, 3)土地通常是平坦的,
  • 4) soil quality and climate are consistent, 4)土壤质量和气候一致,
  • 5) farmers transport goods to a market using mainly carts, and 5)农民主要使用手推车将货物运往市场
  • 6) farmers behave rationally in choosing where to conduct their activities. (六)农民在选择活动地点时表现理性

 

一般来说,城市周围有四个主要的环形圈,从最近的城镇向外扩展,包括: 1)密集农业,2)森林土地,3)广泛农业,4)放牧。城市附近的土地租金很高。该模型一般解释了城镇周边地区地租和市场活动的变化。

 

 

 

Von Thunen's model of agricultural use.

尽管在许多方面,这种模式似乎已经过时,更不用说过分关注于一个有限类型的城镇或城市,其周围的景观更容易让人联想到中欧,但对于现代空间经济学来说,有一些关键的概念相关。

 

首先,特定商品与市场的距离确实与盈利能力有关,冯图南的模型清楚地证明了这一点。这使得该模型广泛适用于在市场附近生产的产品,表明在城镇附近生产的产品有可能更有利可图,尽管即使在这里,现代全球化的世界意味着给定的产品远距离的劳动力可以降低价格。

 

除了粮食农业,该理论对现代放牧土地利用实践也具有适用性。例如,在巴西,人们发现,优先考虑肉类生产的市场附近的土地使用导致更密集的土地使用和对森林土地的更高需求,特别是导致城市附近更大的森林砍伐。

 

A diverse agricultural landscape in the western part of Minas Gerais state in Brazil. Sunflowers, wheat, potatoes, coffee, rice, soybeans, and corn are among the products of the region. Photo: International Space Station, NASA, public domain.

巴西米纳斯吉拉斯州西部多样化的农业景观。向日葵、小麦、土豆、咖啡、大米、大豆和玉米都是该地区的产品

 

同样,在农业和放牧在经济中发挥重要作用的国家,土地使用集约化似乎也有关系。其他林业模型也发现了冯 · 图恩的思想在平衡土地管理和确定林业经济效益方面的适用性,在这方面,租金收入可以与生态系统服务模型相结合,创造出更可持续的林业生产模型。

 

虽然经典的 von Thünen 模型的适用性在某些时候与不同的环境有关,但总的来说,特别是对于高度工业化的经济体,对经典模型的修改已经成为常态。这包括使用多变量和多尺度方法,也包括不同的地形,而不是纯粹的平坦地区。这些方法可以用于不同的经济用途以及城镇与更广泛的区域和全球经济之间的联系。影响土地使用实践和事件的不同因素,同时城市系统的等级形成和发展,已成为当今空间经济学家帮助解释城市和景观动态的关键重点领域。

 

有趣的是,von Thünen 的经典土地利用模型适用于今天发现的不同环境。尽管如此,冯 · 图南的观点也存在多重局限性,现代土地利用经济模式试图解决这些问题。这个模型的持久性,以及它仍然经常被用作分析的基础的事实,不仅使它成为第一个真正的空间经济模型,而且它继续激励研究人员开发解决其局限性的方法。

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吾爱地理 » Von Thünen(范杜能) 农业土地利用模型
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