盘点那些让人迷惑的地理冷知识

1.热带雨林土壤贫瘠。很多人以为热带雨林植被茂盛,其土壤一定肥沃,其实恰恰相反,热带雨林的土壤几乎不含有机物和营养物质。

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热带雨林高树上的一只猴,啪嗒一下向下排出一坨便便,几分钟之内成百上千的屎壳郎就闻风而来,转瞬之间把它处理掉了。

雨林的高生产率更多是由于营养物质的快速循环——在高温多雨环境中,昆虫、细菌、真菌快速降解落叶层释放的营养物质快速被植物根系吸收。

热带雨林的有机质都储存于生物体内,土壤中确实没有多少。

 

 

2.荒漠不一定就热。提到荒漠,人们很容易想到炎热干燥的撒哈拉或者塔克拉玛干沙漠,其实,荒漠景观的最显著气候特征是干燥,也就是说,是否是荒漠取决于降水,不看热量。南北两级受极地高压控制,降水极少,也是荒漠哦!

 

 

3.沙漠下暴雨。“我看过沙漠下暴雨/看过大海亲吻鲨鱼”——《奇妙能力歌》中有这样的歌词。正常情况下当然沙漠是干燥的。在南美洲西海岸的阿塔卡马沙漠被誉为世界干极,1845-1936年的91年从未下雨,被认为是地球上最接近火星的地方。

对1981年至2015年间观察到数据进行了分析,却出现过13次阿塔卡马沙漠绿化事件,其中大多数在冬季开始到次年夏季。15年更是花海遍野,国内媒体也是大肆宣传。但随着厄尔尼诺现象等极端气候现象的发生,沙漠下暴雨也不算是活久见。

厄尔尼诺现象意味着秘鲁寒流削弱,不再对沿岸地区产生压制性的降温减湿,因此给了沿岸阿塔卡马沙漠下雨的机会,频繁的厄尔尼诺现象,使得“世界旱极”阿塔卡马沙漠次次变绿。

 

 

4.退潮游泳比涨潮危险。不熟悉海边环境的人,可能会认为涨潮海水水位越来越高,游泳很危险,实际上,退潮时,从高潮向低潮的这段时间内,海面持续下降,退走的海水更容易将人带到离岸更远的深处去,相比较于涨潮时游泳,退潮时游泳更危险。

 

 

 

5.红树林不是红色的树。之所以叫红树林,不是因为树叶红,而是树干红,也不是树干外面红,要要剥开树皮才能看见。

红树林是生长在热带、亚热带海滩上含有红褐色的单宁成分的植物群落。

 

红树林被誉为“根的迷宫,防浪护堤的铜墙铁壁,天然的污水净化厂,海洋生物的伊甸园。”不仅能够提供丰富的物产,还有维持生物多样性、防风消浪、固岸护堤、净化海水、空气等生态功能。

 

6.赤道附近也有企鹅。赤道附近的加拉帕戈斯群岛,由于受到秘鲁寒流影响,环境气温远低于赤道其他地区,这才使得企鹅可以在此生存。

加岛环企鹅,与所有环企鹅属的带状企鹅一样,头部为黑色,带有白色标记,体背主要呈黑色,一条并不明显的灰黑色的条纹穿过胸部。

该群岛也是生物研究的圣地,1835年,26岁的达尔文在乘坐”小猎犬”号中途停靠在加拉帕戈斯群岛。他被400余种群岛的神奇生物所吸引,考察研究了一个多月。通过对比该群岛物种与南美大陆物种的相似与差异,得出了举世闻名的”进化论”。

 

 

7.中间层大气是整个大气层中探测了解的最少的部分。原因是:最高飞行高度的飞机和探空气球都无法到达这一高度,同样最低轨道的卫星也无法做到。大气层的最低温度出现在中间层顶。

高中地理教科书中,为了减少知识学习的负担,把中层和热层并称为高层大气。

 

 

8.热层温度可超过千度,但是这一温度和地面附近的温度不具有可比性。温度是用分子平均运动的速度来定义的,因为热层气体的分子以非常高的速度运动,所以那里的温度非常高,但是由于气体分子量非常少,因而总体所具有的热量是极少的。正因为如此在热层中绕地球运行的卫星的温度,主要是由其吸收的太阳辐射量来确定的,而不是依据其周围几乎不存在的气体的温度,如果宇航员在热层中把手伸到空气中,是不会有热的感觉的。

 

 

9.一些伟大工程可能远比你想象的更伟大。

如青藏公路的修建。自青海省西宁市终止于西藏自治区拉萨市,全长1970公里。1954年冬,一支共和国子弟兵奉命挺进青藏高原,开始了艰苦卓绝的伟大工程。高原上从事体力劳动极为危险,缺氧、酷寒、暴雪、烈风,工作的人随时会献出生命!格尔木烈士陵园墓碑,记载了为了修筑青藏公路,青藏兵站部有680人献身。

正如墓碑所刻:破亘古冰天,战生命禁区,嚼千重苦难,伟岸之躯化金桥,浩然正气贯通途。他们用巨大的热情和血肉之躯在生命禁区打通了这条利于万民的天路。

 

本文授权转载于知乎用户“牛正蓝”,感谢作者的辛勤写作!

 

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吾爱地理 » 盘点那些让人迷惑的地理冷知识
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