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流域尺度的水文模型SWAT

美国农业部(USDA)下属的农业研究局(ARS)开发的适用于流域尺度的水文模型SWAT(Soil and water Assessment Tool)在空间上采用子流域的划分方法，并由不同的土壤、土地利用和管理措施组合，进一步划分为水文响应单元。其模拟的水文过程包括:

  1. 降水:降水可被植被截留或直接降落到地面。降到地面上的水一部分下渗到土壤，一部分形成地表径流。地表径流快速汇入河道，对短期河流响应起到很大贡献。下渗到土壤中的水可保持在土壤中被后期蒸发掉，或者经由地下路径缓慢流入地表水系统。
  2. 冠层蓄水:有两种计算地表径流的方法。当采用Green-Ampt方法时需要单独计算冠层截留。计算主要输入为:冠层最大蓄水量和时段叶面指数(LAI)。当计算蒸发时，冠层水首先蒸发。
  3. 下渗:计算下渗考虑两个主要参数:初始下渗率和最终下渗率(等于土壤饱和水力传导度)。使用Green-Amt模型和次降雨数据可以直接模拟下渗，或使用SCS曲线法基于水量平衡模拟下渗。
  4. 蒸散发:蒸散发包括水面蒸发、裸地蒸发和植被蒸腾。土壤水蒸发和植物蒸腾分开模拟。
  5. 壤中流:壤中流的计算与重新分配同时进行，用动态存储模型预测，考虑到水力传导度、坡度和土壤含水量的时空变化。
  6. 地表径流:模拟每个水文响应单元的地表径流量和洪峰流量。地表径流量的计算可用SCS曲线方法或Green-Ampt方法计算。
  7. 蓄水池:蓄水池是子流域内截获地表径流的蓄水结构。洼地被假定远离主河道，不接受上游子流域的来水。
  8. 支流河道:一个子流域内定义了两种类型的河道:主河道和支流河道。支流河道不接受地下水补给。
  9. 地下径流:地下水分为浅层地下水和深层地下水。浅层地下径流汇入流域内河流，深层地下径流汇入流域外河流。
  10. 泥沙演进和农业措施:利用修正的土壤流失通用方程计算泥沙产量，考虑农业管理措施的影响，此外模型还在土壤水分运动中考虑了营养物和农药的运移转化。

SWAT模型有物理基础，计算效率较高，能用于较大的流域及复杂的下垫面条件的长期模拟，计算各种土壤、土地利用类型及农业管理措施的组合的影响，

在生产实践中应用较多，但也存在一些不足:

  • 以日为单位进行模拟，不适合洪水过程和短期污染过程的模拟。
  • 模型参数和水文过程在水文响应单元上概化和均化，属于准物理性模型。

下载链接：https://swat.tamu.edu/software/

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