二十八宿、日界线、区时、本初子午线

二十八宿
我国古代天文学家把天空中可见的星分成二十八组,称二十八宿,东南西北四方各有七宿。东方苍龙七宿是角宿、亢宿、氐宿、房宿、心宿、尾宿、箕宿;南方朱雀七宿是井宿、鬼宿、柳宿、星宿、张宿、翼宿、轸宿;西方白虎七宿是奎宿、娄宿、胃宿、昴宿、毕宿、觜宿、参宿;北方玄武七宿是斗宿、牛宿、女宿、虚宿、危宿、室宿、壁宿。我国古代选二十八星宿做观测日、月、五星在星空中的运行及其他天象的相对标志。有关二十八宿的记载,最早见于战国初期。唐代温庭筠《太液池歌》云:“夜深银汉通柏梁,二十八宿朝玉堂。”即以二十八宿指代星光灿烂、宫殿熠熠生辉的美景。

 

日界线
国际上规定,把东西12区之间的180°经线作为国际日期变更线,简称日界线。日界线是地球上一天的起点和终点。即东西12区区时相同,日期相差1天。由东12区向东进入西12区,日期减一天。反之,日期加一天。日界线并不是一条直线,而是有些曲折,目的是为了方便某些国家居民生活,并且避免通过陆地。

 

区时
1884年,国际上采取了全世界按统一标准划分时区,实行分区计时的办法。从理论上全球共划分成24个时区,各时区都以中央经线的地方时为本区的区时。相邻两个时区的区时相差1小时。实际上,世界各国根据本国的具体情况,在区时的基础上,采用一些特别的计时方法。如中国领土跨5个时区,为了便于不同地区的联系和协调,全国目前统一采取北京所在的东8区区时(即东经120°的地方时),称为北京时间。

 

本初子午线
为了协调时间的计量和确定地理经度,1884年在华盛顿举行的国际子午线会议决定,采用英国伦敦格林尼治天文台(旧址)埃里中星仪所在的子午线作为时间和经度计量的标准参考子午线,称为本初子午线,又称零子午线。从本初子午线开始,分别向东和向西计量地理经度,从0°到180°。1957年后,格林尼治天文台迁移台址,国际上改用由若干天文测时结果长期稳定性较好的天文台组成的平均天文台作为参考。由这些天文台原来的经度采用值,利用天文测时数据反求各自的经度原点,再对这些经度原点进行统一处理,最后求得平均天文台经度原点。1968年国际上以国际习用原点作为地极原点,并把通过国际习用原点和平均天文台经度原点的子午线称为本初子午线。

 

 

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吾爱地理 » 二十八宿、日界线、区时、本初子午线
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