化石、陨石、地面辐射、地转偏向力

化石
化石指的是保存在地层中的古生物遗体或遗迹。并不是所有的古生物都能成为化石,一般具有硬体的古生物,死亡后迅速被埋藏,并经过固结成岩作用才能形成化石。化石的保存类型主要有实体化石、遗迹化石、模铸化石等。保存在地层中的由生物体分解而形成的有机物称为“化学化石”。用来确定地层地质年代的化石称为标准化石。能够指示古生物生活环境的化石称为指相化石。

 

陨石
陨石是流星体经过地球大气层时没有完全烧毁而落在地球表面上的部分。陨石分为铁陨石、石铁陨石和石陨石三大类。目前在全球收集的陨石标本中,60%以上为石陨石。

 

地面辐射
地面向天空以辐射形式射出的能量,称为地面辐射。地面的平均温度约为300开尔文,因此地面辐射的波谱主要集中在3~120微米的波长范围内。相对太阳辐射而言,通常称地面辐射为长波辐射。地面辐射随地面温度升高而迅速增强。大气中的水汽、二氧化碳等成分对长波辐射吸收能力很强,因此地面辐射大部分被大气所吸收。据研究,约有90%的地面辐射被大气吸收。大气吸收地面辐射而增温。地球表面是大气增温的直接热源。

 

地转偏向力
在地球自转运动的惯性力的作用下,地球上水平运动的物体,无论朝着哪个方向运动,都会和直线方向发生偏离:在北半球右偏,在南半球左偏。这种力是法国科学家科里奥利首先发现的,称为科里奥利力,简称科氏力,即地转偏向力。

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吾爱地理 » 化石、陨石、地面辐射、地转偏向力
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