固定沙丘、流动沙丘、风积地貌

固定沙丘
固定沙丘指的是植被盖度大于40%或丘表有薄层黏土结皮、盐结皮,在风力作用下不发生位移的沙丘。植被盖度为15%~40%,或部分有黏土或盐结皮覆盖的沙丘为半固定沙丘。有些沙丘的形成与植物紧密相关。如灌丛沙堆即因植物的阻挡作用开始发生堆积,植物为了生存,随着堆积加厚而长高,沙堆也逐渐增高,风沙堆积与植物根系和枯枝落叶相互交错,形成特有的沉积结构。固定、半固定沙丘也不断发生变化。既可因遭受风蚀而改变形态,也可因接受风积而增高、扩大和延伸。因条件改变或人类活动的影响,固定、半固定沙丘可转变为流动沙丘;反之亦然。

 

流动沙丘
流动沙丘指的是植被盖度小于15%、表层松散(无黏土、盐或其他结皮)、不断向下风方向移动的沙丘。其移动方式取决于风向及其变律。在单一风向的风作用下为前进式;在风向相反、大小不等的风作用下为往复前进式;在风力相似、风向相反的风作用下为往复式。沙丘移动速度主要受风况、沙丘高度和密度及其他地面因素影响。有些裸露的流动沙丘,如高大的复合型沙丘、多风向作用的星状沙丘,其平面位置相对稳定。低矮的新月形沙丘移动速度可达5~10米/年,个别甚至达50米/年以上。

 

风积地貌
风积地貌指的是被风搬运的物质,在某种条件下堆积形成的地貌。一定的风力具有一定的输沙能力,它所能搬运的沙量称为风沙流的容量,其实际搬运的沙量称为风沙流的强度,两者比值称为风沙流的饱和度。风速、地面结构改变或遇障碍物等,都会改变风沙流的容量。容量减小时饱和风沙流中的物质就从气流中跌落,发生堆积。其中最突出的是各种沙丘(横向沙丘、纵向沙垅、星状沙丘、圆形沙丘等)。

 

 

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吾爱地理 » 固定沙丘、流动沙丘、风积地貌
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