枯水、水位、流量、河川径流、内流河、外流河

枯水
枯水指的是河流断面上较小流量的总称。若地面径流补给完全停止,枯水水量则完全依赖于流域蓄水量补给。

 

水位
水位指水体的自由水面在某地某时高出某一基面以上的高度。表示水位常用的基面有两种:绝对基面和相对基面。我国已统一采用青岛基面作为绝对基面,测站基面多采用观测地点最枯水位以下0.5~1米处作为零点来计算水面高程,这种基面是水文站专用的一种基面。水位资料是防洪、排涝、灌溉、发电、航运、城市给水等水利工程所需的基本数据。

 

流量
流量指单位时间内通过某一过水断面的水流体积。以立方米/秒计。平均流量为时段内的累积流量除以时段值,有日平均流量、月平均流量和年平均流量。

 

河川径流
河川径流指的是汇集陆地表面和地下而进入河道的水流。包含大气降水和高山冰川积雪融水产生的动态地表水及绝大部分动态地下水。通常称某一时段(年或日)内流经河道上指定断面的全部水量为径流量。

 

内流河
内流河又称内陆河,为流入内陆湖泊或消失于沙漠之中的河流。内流河多分布在降水稀少的半干旱和干旱地区,发育在封闭的山间高原、盆地和低地内,支流少而短小,绝大多数河流单独流入盆地,缺乏统一的大水系,水量少,多数为季节性的间歇河。内流河分布的区域称内流区域(或内流流域)。在一定条件下,内流河可转化为外流河。如滦河在多伦以上的闪电河,原为从南向北流的内流河,后因滦河溯源侵蚀把它袭夺过来,变成外流河。

 

外流河
外流河指的是流入海洋的河流。外流河与内流河的水系构成、水汽来源、水分循环方式及水文变化规律均显著不同。外流河往往形成庞大水系,河流水量大,大多数为常流河。外流河分布的区域称外流区域(或外流流域)。在一定条件下,外流河可转化为内流河,如青海湖水系,原与黄河沟通,后因地质构造变动和湖面降低,遂变成内流水系。v

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吾爱地理 » 枯水、水位、流量、河川径流、内流河、外流河
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