中国重要山脉经纬度及特征

 

大兴安岭 118°-123°E;43.4°-52.6°′ N 南北长约 1220 公里,是东北平原与内蒙古高

原的分界线。 半湿润区和半干旱区, 农牧区分界线。 大兴安岭是嫩江发源地, 也是辽河水系、

松花江和嫩江水系与其西北侧的黑龙江源头支流的分水岭。

 

长白山脉 123°40’~131°E 41°~ 44° 30’N。是辽、吉、黑三省东部山地的总称。狭义的

长白山位于吉林省东南部,是长白山最高部分,又称白头山,是中、朝两国界山。白头山天

池,是松花、图们、鸭绿三江发源地,中朝两国的界湖。长白山是一座休眠火山,历史有过

数次喷发。长白山景色秀丽,是我国十大名山之一,与五岳齐名。

 

天山山脉 42.5°-43°N 是准噶尔盆地(中温带)与塔里木盆地(暖温带)分界线。塔里

木盆地被高山团团围住,气候特别干燥,大多是沙漠地带,只有边缘地区的绿洲上能种粮、

棉和瓜果。 准噶尔盆地西北边缘的山地不很高,而且有很多缺口,大西洋、 北冰洋的气流能

够进入,所以气候比较湿润,除了盆地内一些绿洲可以种植春小麦、棉花、瓜果,这里的草

场也很优良,畜牧业发达。有著名的克拉玛依油田。

 

太行山36-40°N, 112-115°E 黄土高原与华北平原分界线。东北-西南走向,山脊海拔

1,500~2,000 米。位于北京、河北、山西、河南之间。绵延400 余公里,为山西与河北、河

南两省的天然界山。太行山北高南低,大部分海拔在1200米以上。

 

贺兰山 38.8°N ,106°E 位于宁夏与内蒙古交界处。南北走向。 山势雄伟, 若群马奔腾。

蒙古语称骏马为“贺兰” ,故名贺兰山。海拔2000~3000 米,是中国西北地区的重要地理界

线。贺兰山植被垂直带变化明显。贺兰山自然资源丰富。山前冲积平原上草场辽阔,是宁夏滩羊的重要产区,

滩羊二毛皮古称“千金裘”,贺兰山是温带荒漠与温带荒漠草原的分界线,又是西北内流区与外流区的分水

岭。高耸的地形及良好植被对保护富庶的宁夏平原具有重要作用。

 

祁连山 36-39°N,95°-103°E。位于青海省与甘肃省交界处。河西走廊西南侧。聚宝盆柴

塔木盆地东北侧。由多条西北-东南走向的平行山脉和宽谷组成。

 

秦岭 (34°N,100-112°E) 我国中部的东西走向山脉,南北方重要地理分界线。西起甘肃南

部,经陕西南部到河南西部,为黄河支流渭河与长江支流嘉陵江、汉水的分水岭。 主峰太白

山海拔 3,767 米。秦岭北部的渭河是黄河最大的支流;南部的汉水,是长江最大支流。

巫山 30~32°N,110°E。东北 -西南走向。西面为重庆,东面为湖北。是四川盆地与长江中

下游平原分界线。长江经过这里时横切巫山,形成了长江三峡。

 

大别山 30°10′~ 32°30′N, 112° 40′~ 117°10′E。长江与淮河水系的分水岭。位于

豫、鄂、皖3 省边境。山地主要部分海拔1500 米左右 ,主峰白马尖,海拔

1774 米。

 

冈底斯山脉29°-32° N 79°-88°E西北 -东南走向,与喜马拉雅山平行。冈底斯藏语意

为众山之主。海拔约6000 米。佛教中认为是宇宙的中心。青藏高原南北重要地理界线,印

度洋外流水系与藏北内流水系的主要分水岭。南侧即藏南地区。

 

横断山脉 22°~32°N,97°~103°E 四川、云南西部和西藏东部系列南北走向山脉的总称。青

藏高原与云贵高原分界线。山高谷深,岭谷高差一般在1000~2,000 米以上。为中国纬度最

南的现代冰川分布区。27°10′ N 的玉龙雪山海拔5,596米。横断山脉是我国重要的有色金属矿产地。

金沙江、 澜沧江和怒江以有色金属为主的各种矿藏多达百种以上; 在雅砻江和金沙江交汇处一带富含钒钛磁铁矿,

攀枝花是中国铁矿储量很大的地区, 钒钛金属和其他有色金属的重要基地。横断山脉是中国主要水能资源分布区。

金沙江水能蕴藏量近1亿千瓦。森林资源富饶而广布, 是我国西南林区的主体部分,树种极其丰富。大雪山主峰贡嘎山海拔

7556 米,为横断山脉最高峰。金沙江石鼓附近的虎跳峡为世界著名峡谷。这里山崩、滑坡、泥石流及地震频繁,又是中国生物多样性最丰富的区域。该地区及

附近的丽江古城和“三江并流”自然景观先后被列入《世界遗产名录》。

 

武夷山 25~29′N,116°~ 119° E。地处福建西北。江西与福建的分界线。长江水系与闽

江水系的分水岭。 西部是全球生物多样性保护的关键地区,分布着世界同纬度带现存最完整、

最典型、面积最大的中亚热带原生性森林生态系统;东部以秀水、奇峰、幽谷、险壑等诸多

美景、悠久的历史文化和众多的文物古迹而享有盛誉,被列入《世界遗产名录》。

 

南岭 24°~ 26°30′N,110°~ 116°E。位于湘、赣、粤、桂边境。东西走向。是长江水

系与珠江水系的分水岭。桂江上游与湘江上游之间秦时开凿灵渠。地带性土壤是红壤。 有色

金属丰富,以钨、锑矿最为丰富,为世界最集中的产地。南岭西段的盆地(桂)多由石灰岩

组成, 形成喀斯特地貌; 东段的盆地 (粤)多由红色砂砾岩组成, 经风化侵蚀形成丹霞地貌。

「丹霞」即由广东大庾岭西南侧的丹霞山得名。

 

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吾爱地理 » 中国重要山脉经纬度及特征
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