高中地理学习方法系列:(二)建立空间概念

空间性考查主要包括水平空间、垂直空间结构和立体空间关系。地理学根据空间的差异性,把空间划分为大陆、地区、地方和地点等不同尺度来研究。空间概念是十分重要的地理思维基础,如把握一地或某一地理现象的位置,明确半球、海陆、经纬等等位置。

许多同学地理学不好就是没有清晰空间概念。对时空变化不敏感,对具体位置和相互位置关系把握不清。学习中能把许多地理知识记忆得十分清楚,但是不能落实到具体的空间图上。没有落实到图上的知识就还是没有真正掌握的知识。

地理空间思维的培养不是空话,要具体落实在学习过程中。如对空间概念和物体空间运动的理性思维培养,就可做以下设计:

第一步,选取个条重要纬线 ( 赤道、南北回归线、南北极圈、本初子午线、 180 °经线、 20 ° W 、 160 ° W 、 120 ° E) ,让自己在脑海中形成网格状经纬仪,并想像其自转起来,线与线之间相互位置关系及晨昏线的动态关系;

第二步,在了解大洲、大洋的基础上,让脑海中想像,十条线穿过的大洲、大洋,重要大地形、气候区等,此时,在脑海中形成的经纬仪就已经成为平面的地球仪;

第三步,在学习高中系统地理和区域地理基础上,进一步丰富十条线穿过的地理事物,如工业区、农业区;重要国家、城市、港口、交通线、矿业基地、旅游点等,这时,脑海中的地球仪就已成为名副其实的地球了。

建立中国的空间概念,能够进行中国空间定位是很重要的。学习中要抓住我国四至点与主要经纬线,明确中国范围和位置;抓住界线地理事物,明确相对位置。如山脉界线(三大阶梯、主要界线山脉);河流界线(例如,黄河、长江沿线等)以及其他一些主要界线:秦岭淮河一线、长城、季风区与非季风区、内流区与外流区、我国 1 月平均温 0 ° C 等温线、年降水 800 毫米、 400 毫米、 200 毫米等降水量线、中国人口线、京哈 — 京广线、陇海 — 兰新线铁路沿线等。

中国的空间定位要求落实到两个层面上,一是落实到省级行政区地层面上,而是落实到地形区的层面上。通过学习,要求学生以中国政区图为基础,不断建构中国空间图。包括中国地形图、中国气候图、中国河湖图、中国资源能源图、中国农业图、中国工业图、中国人口城市图、中国交通图、中国分区图等。

建立世界的空间概念要求落实到十三个地区的层面上。结合主要的经纬线,深入掌握世界政区图、世界气候图、世界自然带图、世界交通图、世界分区图等。

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吾爱地理 » 高中地理学习方法系列:(二)建立空间概念
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