高中地理学习方法系列:(一)理解地理特点

 

地理学的空间性、区域性和综合性

1. 地理学科特点

地理学科的特点表现为空间性、区域性和综合性,其代表性的工具是地图、图像和图表;其规律原理是地理现象的空间分布和地理变化过程;研究思想方法中强调批判性和战略性。地理学不仅研究地理事物的空间分布和空间结构,而且阐明地理事物的空间差异和空间联系,并致力于揭示地理事物的空间运动、空间变化的规律,空间性是地理学最重要的特色。空间性落实到具体的地区就是区域性。只有落实到具体的区域,地理研究才有现实意义。高考正是通过概括区域特征、比较区域差异、分析区域发展条件和解决区域问题来考查区域性的。地理学是一门兼有自然科学性质与社会科学性质的综合性科学,地理试题的综合性主要表现在自然和人文的综合,自然地理要素和人文地理要素相互影响、相互作用。

地理学科的特点决定了其学习方法。

2. 高考地理考查要点

地理高考努力体现地理学科特色,考查核心知识(主干知识),强调知识点间的联系和知识结构的质量;考查学生的能力,体现地理课程改革的思想。选材广泛,材料新颖,创设全新情境,体现公平。联系实际,解答现实问题,具有时代气息。关注热点问题,考查人文素养,重视培养人文精神。

地理试题所考查的主干知识既有基础性的知识,也有基本原理性的知识。基础知识是学生地理素养的表现,也是对书本知识的再现。地理高考坚持以 “ 理 ” 为主,重视核心的地理知识,强调理解基本的地理概念、规律和原理。强调运用地理知识分析、解决和评价实际问题的能力。突出基本的自然地理和人文地理原理,考查学生是否具备理解地理事物发展变化过程的能力。

能力考核目标是根据考生完成测试的思维过程制定的。即审题、发现和分析有效信息、联系背景知识、设计解决问题的路径、进行推理、判断、分析、综合、比较等,说明问题和表达结论。在上述四项能力中,尤其获取信息能力和表达能力值得格外注意。

考试力图体现地理课程标准强调 “ 地理课程要提供给学生与其生活和周围世界密切相关的地理知识,侧重基础性的地理知识和技能,增强学生的生存能力。地理课程要反映全球变化形势,突出人口、资源、环境以及区域差异、国土整治、全球变化、可持续发展等内容。使所学内容不仅对学生现在的生活和学习有用,而且对他们的终身学习和发展有用。 ” 新课程标准的课程目标是从 “ 知识与技能 ” 、 “ 过程与方法 ” 和 “ 情感、态度与价值观 ” 三个方面进行评价的,考试也非常关注这些方面。

在近年的文综高考中,第 36 题是地理学科内的综合题。非常典型地体现了地理高考的要求。该题一般都有一幅地图,考查区域地图和其他图像图表的阅读技能和获取信息的能力,进行空间定位,考查区域 基础知识,考查自然特征及其成因(地形、气候、水文、植被、土壤),考查人文特征及其条件(农业、工业、资源开发、人口、城市、交通),考查人地关系(人类活动带来的环境问题及解决)。

3. 内容决定学习方法

地理学科是跨自然和人文的综合性学科,其中自然地理宜采用理科的学习方法。自然地理部分偏重原理、规律的运用,联系实际分析解决问题。人文地理强调宏观整体分析,人文地理部分偏重观点、方法的运用,结合实际进行评价与反思。区域地理重点是以图表为载体的学习方法。区域地理部分偏重地理事物的空间定位,地图和图像图表的判读技能,区域的分析方法。

地理高考越来越脱离教材本身,要求以教材为基本载体,重在进行地理思维方法、地理基本能力的训练与培养;学生基本的、宏观的知识结构的建立成为地理知识学习的主要目标;案例式的分析法成为流行的学习方法之一,培养自己的自主学习、探究能力已成为学习中要解决的问题。

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吾爱地理 » 高中地理学习方法系列:(一)理解地理特点
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